Energy efficiency

Efficacité énergétique

Energie-efficiëntie

Eficiencia energética

**Energy efficiency** means achieving the same output or service with less energy input. In transport, it’s moving people or freight the same distance (or delivering the same number of stops) while using less fuel or electricity.

What is energy efficiency?

Common metrics include:

- L/100 km or mpg for fuel use
- kWh/km for electric vehicles
- gCO2e/ton-km to reflect freight intensity
- Energy per stop or per delivery for last-mile

Normalize by distance, load, and duty cycle for fair comparisons.

How is it measured?

It cuts operating costs, reduces CO2 and air pollutants, improves asset utilization and reliability, and supports compliance with emissions regulations and customer sustainability requirements.

Why does it matter?

- Upgrade aerodynamics and tires
- Optimize routing and reduce empty miles
- Train drivers (eco-driving, speed governance)
- Maintain vehicles proactively (alignment, tire pressure)
- Use alternative fuels or electrify suitable routes
- Apply smart charging and telematics-driven insights

How to improve fleets?

Efficiency means using less energy to provide the same service (e.g., fewer liters per 100 km). Conservation means reducing the level of service or activity (e.g., driving fewer kilometers). Both can be combined for maximum impact.

Efficiency vs conservation difference?

FAQ on Energy Efficiency

## What is Energy Efficiency?
Energy efficiency is the ability to deliver the same transport service—moving people or freight—using less energy. In road transportation, it means reducing fuel or electricity consumption per kilometer, per vehicle, or per ton-kilometer without compromising service levels. Energy efficiency lowers operating costs, cuts emissions, and improves the overall performance of fleets, with effective [fleet energy efficiency](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/achieve-optimal-truck-fleet-management) practices amplifying these gains.

## How Energy Efficiency Works in Road Transportation
At its core, energy efficiency in road transport is achieved by optimizing three areas: the vehicle, the operation, and the energy source. Vehicle-level improvements reduce the energy needed to overcome aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance. Operational practices ensure trucks and vans travel fewer unnecessary kilometers and spend less time idling, for example by [optimizing dock operations](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/optimizing-dock-use) to reduce idle time at loading docks. Finally, choosing cleaner, higher-efficiency energy sources further reduces energy intensity.

Common metrics include liters per 100 km (L/100 km), miles per gallon (mpg), kilowatt-hours per km (kWh/km) for electric vehicles, and gCO2e per ton-km to measure freight intensity. Fleets track these KPIs by lane, vehicle class (e.g., vans, rigid trucks, tractors), and load type to identify where efficiency gains are most impactful.

## Industry Context for Road Transport
In road logistics, margins are thin and fuel (or electricity) is a major cost driver. Energy efficiency directly influences total cost of ownership, service reliability, and compliance with CO2 regulations and low-emission zones. Long-haul carriers focus on aerodynamics, powertrain efficiency, and minimizing empty miles, while last-mile operators emphasize route density, stop-start efficiency, and vehicle right-sizing. Telematics and TMS data help planners manage energy-intensive factors like congestion, idle time, and suboptimal load factors. Clear processes that [minimize corrective trips](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/reduce-disputes-in-road-transport) also cut wasteful kilometers and empty runs.

## Real-World Examples
- A national carrier reduces empty backhauls by 12% using dynamic load matching, improving energy efficiency measured as liters per ton-km across key corridors.
- An urban delivery fleet switches 30% of routes to battery-electric vans and introduces eco-driving; combined changes cut energy use per stop by 25%.
- A refrigerated fleet upgrades to low-rolling-resistance tires, adds trailer skirts, and implements strict tire pressure management, yielding a 6–8% fuel improvement on highway runs.

## Key Benefits and Components
- Lower operating costs: Reduced fuel or electricity consumption translates to immediate savings across every route.
- Emissions reduction: Better energy efficiency lowers CO2, NOx, and particulate emissions, supporting ESG targets and regulatory compliance.
- Increased asset productivity: Higher load factor and fewer empty kilometers improve utilization without adding vehicles.
- Improved reliability and safety: Smoother driving and preventive maintenance, along with [secure and efficient loading](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/loading-security-protocol), reduce breakdowns and incidents.
- Competitive advantage: Efficient fleets can offer stable pricing and meet sustainability requirements from shippers.

### Core Components
- Vehicle technology
  - Aerodynamic aids (tractor roof fairings, trailer skirts, tail devices)
  - Low-rolling-resistance tires and proper tire inflation
  - Efficient powertrains (Euro VI, hybrid systems, BEV drivetrains)
  - Start-stop systems and regenerative braking in urban duty cycles
- Operational excellence
  - Route optimization and geofencing to limit congestion and detours
  - Load planning to increase cube/weight utilization and reduce empty miles
  - Idle reduction policies and anti-idle equipment
  - Driver training (eco-driving, speed governance, smooth acceleration)
- Energy and maintenance
  - Alternative fuels and electrification where duty cycles fit
  - Depot charging strategies and smart charging for off-peak rates
  - Proactive maintenance (alignment, filters, telematics-driven alerts)
  - Data monitoring of KPIs (L/100 km, kWh/km, gCO2e/ton-km)

## Conclusion
Energy efficiency in road transportation is the disciplined pursuit of moving the same freight with less energy through better vehicles, smarter operations, and cleaner energy. By measuring the right KPIs and acting on data—route design, loading, driving behavior, and vehicle technology—fleets can cut costs, reduce emissions, and enhance service quality across both long-haul and last-mile operations.

Learn what energy efficiency means in road transport, how it’s measured, and practical steps fleets can use to cut costs, reduce emissions, and meet regulations.

Definition of Energy Efficiency

Vrachtbrief (CMR)

Waybill (CMR)

Lettre de voiture (CMR)

Carta de porte (CMR)

A CMR waybill is the standardized consignment note for international road freight under the CMR Convention. It evidences the contract of carriage, identifies the parties and goods, and guides cross‑border checks. It is not a document of title.

What is a CMR waybill?

No. The CMR waybill does not transfer ownership. It serves as evidence of the carriage contract and shipment details but is not a document of title.

Is CMR a title document?

Typically the consignor (shipper) prepares it at loading. The carrier signs to accept the goods and carriage, and the consignee signs on delivery as proof of delivery (POD).

Who issues the CMR waybill?

Core items include parties and contacts, loading and delivery places/dates, goods description and quantities, special cargo details (e.g., ADR or temperature), carriage terms, vehicle and seal numbers, signatures, and reference numbers.

What data must CMR include?

eCMR is the digital version of the CMR waybill. It enables electronic records, digital signatures, real‑time status updates, and easier data sharing for compliance and efficiency.

How does eCMR differ?

FAQ on Waybill (CMR)

## What is Waybill (CMR)?
A Waybill (CMR), also called a CMR consignment note, is the standardized document that records the terms and details of an international road freight shipment under the CMR Convention. It serves as evidence of the contract of carriage between the shipper and the carrier, lists the goods and parties involved, and supports compliance and liability management during cross‑border transport by road. While crucial, the CMR waybill is not a document of title and does not transfer ownership of the goods. For digital workflows and demo‑ready adoption, many shippers and carriers use an electronic CMR (eCMR) solution such as [Dashdoc eCMR](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/ecmr).

## How the CMR Waybill Works in Road Transportation
In international road haulage between countries that are signatories to the CMR Convention, the carrier must travel with a completed CMR waybill. Traditionally issued in multiple paper copies (commonly one for the consignor, one for the carrier, and one for the consignee), it accompanies the goods from loading to delivery. At pickup, the shipper provides the description, quantity, and condition of the goods; the carrier confirms receipt and accepts the carriage. Upon delivery, the consignee signs to acknowledge proof of delivery (POD), noting any loss or damage reservations.

The CMR waybill standardizes core data, making roadside checks, border controls, and claims handling more efficient. It also reflects the CMR liability framework, which sets out responsibilities and limits for carriers in case of loss, damage, or delay. Increasingly, the [electronic CMR (eCMR)](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/ecmr) replaces paper, enabling digital signatures, real‑time status updates, and easier data sharing across shippers, carriers, forwarders, and authorities. For templates, apps, and step‑by‑step guides to implement digital CMR workflows, explore the [Dashdoc Toolbox](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tools-box).

## Key Components of a CMR Waybill
- Parties and contacts: consignor (shipper), consignee, carrier, and (if applicable) freight forwarder.
- Places and dates: loading location/date and delivery location/date; transit instructions.
- Goods description: number of packages, packaging type, weight and volume, HS code (if used), and marks.
- Special cargo details: ADR/dangerous goods class and UN number, temperature setpoint for refrigerated loads, or “fragile/handle with care” notes.
- Carriage terms: Incoterms (where relevant), cash-on-delivery or freight charges, declared value/interest in delivery (if agreed).
- Vehicle information: truck/trailer registration numbers, seal numbers.
- Signatures: consignor at loading, carrier at acceptance, consignee at delivery (with reservations if any).
- Reference numbers: purchase order, booking, and transport order identifiers to align with TMS/WMS systems such as [Dashdoc TMS](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms).

## Benefits for Shippers, Carriers, and Consignees
- Legal clarity and compliance: the Waybill (CMR) evidences the contract of carriage and supports checks by authorities across CMR states.
- Standardized information: reduces misunderstandings across borders and languages.
- Claims handling: clear records of quantity, condition, and reservations streamline investigation and liability assessment.
- Traceability and POD: signed copies (or e-signatures in eCMR) provide auditable proof of delivery.
- Operational efficiency: eCMR cuts paper handling, speeds data flow, and lowers administrative costs.

## Real-World Examples
- Cross-border pallet delivery: A shipper in Germany sends 20 pallets to Spain. The CMR waybill lists the consignor, consignee, 20 shrink‑wrapped pallets, total weight, and marks. At delivery, the consignee notes two crushed corner pallets as a reservation before signing, enabling a timely claim.
- Refrigerated transport: A carrier moves fresh produce from the Netherlands to Italy. The Waybill (CMR) includes the refrigerated setpoint and loading temperature. The consignee checks temperatures on arrival and signs the eCMR, which stores temperature data and timestamps.
- Dangerous goods (ADR): A chemical shipment from France to Belgium includes the UN number, ADR class, and packing group on the CMR waybill, supporting safe handling and roadside compliance checks.

## Conclusion
The Waybill (CMR) is a cornerstone document for international road freight, providing standardized shipment details, evidencing the contract of carriage, and enabling smooth compliance, traceability, and claims management. Whether issued on paper or as eCMR, a complete and accurate CMR waybill helps shippers, carriers, and consignees move goods across borders efficiently and with legal certainty. For ocean or multimodal shipments requiring a bill of lading, you can create one with this [Bill of Lading Generator](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tools-box/bill-of-lading-generator).

Learn what a CMR waybill is, how it works in international road freight, its key components and benefits, and how eCMR improves compliance, traceability, and efficiency.

Definition of Waybill (CMR)

CMR Waybill

Compliance audit

Audit de conformité

Nalevingsaudit

Auditoría de cumplimiento

A compliance audit is a structured review of processes, records, and controls against laws, regulations, standards, and internal policies. It identifies non‑conformities and recommends corrective and preventive actions.

What is a compliance audit?

Audits may be performed by internal safety/quality teams, independent third‑party auditors, or government regulators, depending on scope, contractual requirements, and jurisdiction.

Who conducts compliance audits?

Frequency is risk‑based (e.g., quarterly or annually), and may also occur when regulations change, before customer onboarding, or after incidents or noted non‑conformities.

How often are audits performed?

Common evidence includes driver HOS/ELD or tachograph data, maintenance and inspection records, driver qualifications and training, permits and insurance, ADR/dangerous goods documents, incident logs, and environmental compliance records.

What documents are reviewed?

They reduce regulatory risk and fines, improve safety and reliability, satisfy customer and contractual requirements, strengthen insurance positioning, and drive operational efficiency and continuous improvement.

Why do audits matter?

FAQ on Compliance Audit

## What is a Compliance Audit?
A compliance audit in road transportation is a systematic, documented review of a carrier’s operations to verify adherence to applicable laws, regulations, standards, and internal policies. It evaluates whether driver practices, vehicle maintenance, records, and operational processes meet regulatory requirements related to safety, labor, environmental rules, and licensing.

## How Compliance Audits Work in Road Transportation
In the road transport industry, a compliance audit can be conducted internally by a company’s safety or quality team, externally by a third-party auditor, or by regulators. The audit typically examines policies, processes, and records over a defined period, compares them against legal and contractual obligations, and identifies gaps with corrective actions.

Common areas include:
- Driver hours and fatigue management (e.g., Hours of Service/driving time limits, tachograph or ELD data)
- Vehicle roadworthiness (preventive maintenance schedules, inspection logs, defect reporting and rectification)
- Dangerous goods (ADR) compliance where applicable
- Driver qualifications, training, and licensing
- Load securement, weight, and dimension compliance
- Permits, insurance, and operating licenses
- Drug and alcohol testing programs (where mandated)
- Environmental requirements (emissions, idling restrictions, low-emission zones)
- Data protection for telematics and driver data

For on‑site operational checks, see what inspectors verify in a [loading security protocol](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/loading-security-protocol).

A typical compliance audit process:
1. Planning: Define scope, regulations in scope, timeframe, and sampling method.
2. Evidence collection: Gather policies, training records, telematics/tachograph/ELD data, maintenance records, inspection reports, and incident logs.
3. Fieldwork and interviews: Validate processes with dispatchers, drivers, and maintenance teams; perform spot checks.
4. Analysis: Compare evidence against requirements; quantify non-conformities.
5. Reporting: Rank findings by severity and risk; recommend corrective and preventive actions.
6. Follow-up: Implement actions, verify closure, and update procedures.

Software can also streamline audit readiness: tools that deliver [instant international document compliance](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/international-doc-compliance-hassle-free) provide a consistent audit trail and reduce documentary non-conformities and penalties.

## Industry Context and Why It Matters
Road transport is heavily regulated due to safety, environmental, and cross-border trade risks. A robust compliance audit program helps fleets avoid fines, license suspensions, operational disruptions, and reputational damage. It also supports shipper and broker requirements, as many customers perform their own carrier audits or require evidence of compliance for onboarding and contract renewal.

Beyond regulatory risk, compliance auditing improves operational discipline—ensuring vehicles are serviced on time, drivers are properly trained, and documents are complete and accurate. This directly influences safety performance, fuel efficiency, cargo integrity, and insurance premiums. On the commercial side, you can [automate freight invoice audits](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/ai-powered-payables-control-speed-confidence) with AI to accelerate verification, flag inconsistencies, and strengthen the audit trail.

## Real-World Examples
- Internal HOS review: A mid-sized carrier audits three months of tachograph/ELD data and finds recurring violations on Friday evening runs. The company adjusts route plans and adds a pre-dispatch HOS check, reducing violations by 80% the next quarter.
- Maintenance documentation gap: An external compliance audit discovers missing proof of annual inspections for two tractors. The fleet implements a digital maintenance calendar with automated reminders and blocks dispatch for units with overdue inspections.
- Dangerous goods verification: A cross-border operator carrying ADR-classified goods undergoes a customer audit. Inspectors verify driver ADR certificates, vehicle equipment (spill kits, fire extinguishers), and transport documents. Corrective actions include standardizing vehicle equipment checklists.
- Load securement checks: A regulator audit highlights inconsistent load restraint practices for steel coils. The carrier rolls out standardized securement training and photo verification at departure, reducing incident rates and roadside citations.

## Key Benefits and Components
Benefits of a compliance audit program:
- Reduced regulatory risk and fewer fines or out-of-service events
- Improved safety outcomes and lower incident rates
- Stronger customer trust and easier onboarding with shippers/brokers
- Operational efficiency through disciplined processes and accurate records
- Better insurance positioning and potential premium advantages
- Data integrity for KPIs and continuous improvement

Core components of an effective compliance audit:
- Clear policy framework aligned with current regulations
- Role-based training and competency tracking
- Centralized, tamper-resistant records (HOS, maintenance, licenses, inspections), plus [centralized partner documents for audits](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/new-centralized-document-management-) such as carrier licenses, certificates, and eCMRs
- Routine monitoring via telematics/tachograph/ELD and exception alerts
- Corrective and preventive action (CAPA) workflows with accountability
- Periodic internal audits and management reviews
- Documented audit trail and version-controlled procedures

## Conclusion
A compliance audit is a structured way for road transport operators to verify that daily practices meet legal and contractual requirements. By systematically reviewing driver hours, maintenance, documentation, and safety processes, fleets reduce risk, improve performance, and build trust with customers and regulators. Regular, well-scoped compliance audits turn compliance from a reactive obligation into a proactive source of operational excellence.

Learn what a compliance audit is in road transportation, how it works, key components, real‑world examples, and benefits so you can reduce risk and improve safety.

Definition of Compliance Audit (Road Transportation)

CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)

RSE (Responsabilité sociétale des entreprises)

MVO (Maatschappelijk Verantwoord Ondernemen)

RSC (Responsabilidad Social Corporativa)

CSR is a company’s commitment to responsibly manage its environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impacts beyond what laws require. In road transport, it focuses on decarbonizing fleets, improving driver safety and welfare, and upholding ethical practices across suppliers and subcontractors.

What is CSR exactly?

CSR works by setting material goals, translating them into actions (e.g., route optimization, fuel choices, driver training), tracking KPIs (like CO2e per tonne‑km), and reporting progress. Incentives, procurement standards, and audits help ensure continuous improvement.

How does CSR work?

Because the sector contributes significantly to CO2e and safety risks. CSR cuts fuel and emissions, improves safety, meets customer and regulatory expectations, reduces costs and empty miles, and strengthens competitiveness in tenders.

Why CSR in road transport?

Use KPIs such as fuel/energy use, CO2e per shipment or tonne‑km, empty‑mile rate, kWh/100 km for EVs, incident and near‑miss rates, and supplier compliance. Follow frameworks like the GHG Protocol and management systems like ISO 14001 and ISO 39001.

How to measure CSR performance?

- Lower fuel and maintenance costs
- Safer operations and fewer claims
- Compliance readiness and better data
- Stronger brand and customer win‑rates
- Access to green financing and talent retention

CSR benefits for carriers?

FAQ on CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)

## What is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)?
CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is a company’s commitment to manage and improve its environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impacts beyond legal compliance. In road transportation, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) means running fleets and logistics operations in ways that [reduce the environmental impact of the supply chain](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/reducing-environmental-impact-fleet-management) and waste, protect worker well‑being, support local communities, and uphold ethical business practices across the supply chain.

## How CSR Works in Road Transportation
A robust CSR strategy in road transport starts with materiality—identifying the biggest impacts and opportunities. For many carriers and shippers, this centers on decarbonization, driver safety and welfare, and transparent governance. Operations teams translate CSR goals into practical measures: fuel choice, route planning, vehicle maintenance, driver training, supplier standards, and performance reporting. Finance and management align incentives and investments, while sales and customer teams use CSR reporting to meet shipper requirements and tenders.

From an emissions perspective, CSR programs typically track greenhouse gases across:
- Scope 1: Direct tailpipe emissions from owned trucks and vans.
- Scope 2: Indirect emissions from electricity used to charge EVs or power depots.
- Scope 3: Upstream and downstream emissions, including subcontracted carriers, parts, and outsourced logistics.

## Industry Context
Road transportation is a significant contributor to CO2e, air pollution, and noise in urban areas. At the same time, it is essential to trade and employment, making balanced CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) strategies crucial. Industry frameworks such as the GHG Protocol guide emissions accounting; management systems like ISO 14001 (environment) and ISO 39001 (road traffic safety) provide structure; and evolving regulations (e.g., corporate sustainability reporting requirements) increase the need for reliable data. Large shippers now expect carriers to share CSR metrics—often CO2e per shipment or per tonne‑kilometer—and to demonstrate continuous improvement.

## Key Benefits and Components
- Environmental stewardship: Reduce fuel burn through route optimization, ECO‑driving, idle‑time limits, low‑rolling‑resistance tires, aerodynamic kits, and preventive maintenance; transition to low‑carbon energy (HVO, bio-LNG, CNG, battery-electric for urban delivery); manage waste, tires, and fluids responsibly; and plan deliveries to cut empty miles, using consolidation and hub optimization in [distribution centers](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/distribution-centers).
- Social responsibility: Invest in driver safety programs (telematics coaching, collision avoidance), fair and transparent pay, rest and scheduling policies that prevent fatigue, secure parking, health and mental well‑being initiatives, diversity and inclusion, and community engagement (road safety education, local hiring, volunteering). Support safe working conditions for frontline roles such as [logistics dock managers](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/logistics-dock-manager).
- Governance and ethics: Clear policies on anti‑corruption, anti‑cartel, fair competition, data privacy (particularly telematics and TMS data), responsible procurement, and transparent tender practices with documented corrective actions.
- Supplier and subcontractor engagement: Extend standards to subcontracted carriers with a supplier code of conduct, minimum safety and emissions criteria, and periodic audits or self‑assessments.
- Measurement and reporting: Track fuel, energy, mileage, load factors, and emissions; calculate CO2e per job; set targets (e.g., % empty‑mile reduction, kWh/100 km for EVs); disclose progress in CSR reports; align incentives and driver bonuses to safety and efficiency KPIs.
- Innovation and modal strategy: Pilot EVs for last mile, explore hydrogen in specific duty cycles as feasible, adopt e‑CMR and digital PODs to cut paper, and consider intermodal partnerships where route profiles allow.

## Real-World Examples
1. Urban delivery decarbonization: A regional carrier deploys electric 7.5‑ton trucks for city centers, charges at the depot on off‑peak renewable tariffs, and publishes CO2e per stop for retail clients. For longer runs, it switches part of the fleet to HVO, cutting lifecycle emissions while planning for future BEV tractors.
2. Safety‑first operations: A national haulier equips tractors with ADAS, runs quarterly ECO‑driving and defensive‑driving training, and ties a portion of driver bonuses to harsh‑braking reduction, near‑miss reporting, and fuel efficiency, resulting in fewer incidents and insurance claims.
3. Empty‑mile reduction: A 3PL improves [time slot management](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/time-slot-management) and backhauls through digital planning and load consolidation. By increasing average fill rate and reducing empty kilometers by 12%, it lowers fuel costs, emissions, and roadway congestion—all reported in its annual CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) update.

## Conclusion
CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) in road transportation turns sustainability, safety, and ethics into daily operational practice. By targeting the biggest impacts—fuel and energy use, driver well‑being, and transparent governance—carriers and shippers can reduce risk, win tenders, and cut costs while delivering measurable environmental and social value across the logistics chain. To connect sustainability commitments with business value, use this Dashdoc [ROI calculator](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tools-box/dashdoc-roi-calculator) to estimate the financial impact of efficiency and decarbonization measures.

Learn what CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) means for road transportation: how it reduces emissions, improves driver safety, strengthens governance, engages suppliers, and how to measure CO2e, safety, and efficiency with recognized frameworks and real‑world examples.

Definition of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) for Road Transportation

Carga completa (FTL)

Chargement complet (FTL)

Full Truck Load (FTL)

Volle vrachtwagenlading (FTL)

FTL is a road freight mode where one shipper books an entire truck for a direct, point-to-point move, reducing handling and transit time compared with LTL.

What is FTL shipping?

FTL dedicates a full trailer to one shipper with direct transit; LTL combines multiple shippers via terminals, adding handling, stops, and time.

FTL vs LTL difference?

Choose FTL for large, time-sensitive, high-value, or temperature-controlled loads, and when you need minimal handling and predictable appointments.

When should I choose FTL?

Rates reflect distance, market capacity, equipment type, fuel surcharges, and accessorials such as detention, layover, multi-stop fees, and specialized equipment premiums.

How is FTL priced?

Common FTL equipment includes dry vans (box trailers), refrigerated/reefer units, flatbeds, step-decks, and specialized trailers like low-loaders or curtain-siders.

What equipment types used?

FAQ on Full Truck Load (FTL)

## What is Full Truck Load (FTL)?
Full Truck Load (FTL), also called full truckload, is a road freight shipping mode where a single shipper books the exclusive use of a truck or trailer for one pickup and one delivery (or a planned sequence of direct stops). In FTL shipping, the cargo either fills the trailer by weight or volume—or the shipper pays for dedicated capacity even if the equipment is not fully utilized—to move goods faster, more securely, and with minimal handling.

FTL contrasts with Less Than Truckload (LTL), where multiple shippers’ consignments share space and are consolidated through terminals. Because Full Truck Load (FTL) avoids cross-docking and intermediate transfers, it is typically faster and reduces the risk of damage. FTL shipments also follow full-truck loading procedures and different dock turn times; practical guidance on [reducing truck loading time](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/reduce-trucks-loading-time) shows how dock efficiency, responsibilities, and wait-time policies affect FTL profitability.

## How FTL Works in Road Transportation
In road transportation, Full Truck Load (FTL) is organized around direct, point-to-point moves. Shippers tender a load specifying pickup/delivery windows, equipment type (e.g., dry van/box, refrigerated/reefer, flatbed), and any handling or security requirements. The carrier assigns a tractor-trailer and driver, plans the route, and executes the trip with limited or no intermediate stops. For clarity on party responsibilities, see the [shipper’s legal obligations in road transport](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/shipper-definition)—including packaging and documentation—that directly impact FTL execution.

Key operational details include:
- Equipment fit: matching trailer type and dimensions to cargo (e.g., palletized FMCG in a dry van, temperature-sensitive pharma in a reefer, steel coils on a flatbed).
- Capacity constraints: loads can “weigh out” (reach max weight) or “cube out” (fill available volume/pallet spaces) before both limits are hit.
- Loading methods: live load/unload, drop-and-hook, or use of loading aids (ramps, tail-lifts where applicable).
- Documentation and compliance: bill of lading/CMR, temperature records for reefer FTL, ADR for hazardous goods, and site safety rules.
- Visibility and control: telematics/GPS, estimated time of arrival (ETA) updates, and electronic proof of delivery.

At logistics sites, efficient door assignment and layout reduce dwell for dedicated loads; explore [best practices for dock allocation and layout](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/optimizing-dock-use) to cut FTL waiting time.

On site, a dock manager coordinates doors, labor, and safety during loading and unloading—learn more about the [dock manager’s responsibilities for FTL operations](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/logistics-dock-manager).

Because FTL uses dedicated capacity, it is favored for time-sensitive shipments, high-value goods, consistent lanes, and large replenishment moves between plants, warehouses, and distribution centers.

## Key Benefits
- Speed and reliability: direct transit with fewer touchpoints shortens lead times and reduces delays.
- Lower damage risk: minimal handling compared to hub-and-spoke consolidation.
- Security and control: exclusive use of the trailer improves seal integrity, temperature compliance, and chain-of-custody.
- Predictable scheduling: clear pickup and delivery appointments on consistent lanes.
- Cost efficiency at scale: for high-volume or full-pallet shipments, Full Truck Load (FTL) can be more economical per unit than LTL.
- Flexibility: choice of equipment and special services (temperature control, high-cube, tautliner/curtain-sider, escorts for oversize on flatbed/low-loader).

## Common Use Cases
- Retail and FMCG replenishment: 26–33 pallet moves from central DCs to regional hubs on fixed weekly lanes.
- Automotive and manufacturing: just-in-time deliveries of components to assembly plants where time windows are tight.
- Temperature-controlled food and pharma: reefer FTL at specific setpoints, continuous temperature logging, and sealed loads.
- Project and construction freight: full flatbed loads of lumber, machinery, or steel with specific securement.
- Seasonal peaks: harvests, holiday inventory builds, or product launches where dedicated capacity protects service levels.

## Pricing and Planning Considerations
Full Truck Load (FTL) pricing typically reflects origin–destination distance, market capacity, equipment type, and accessorials. Common elements include:
- Linehaul rate (per trip or per mile/km)
- Fuel surcharge indexed to diesel prices
- Accessorial charges (detention, layover, loading aids, multi-stop)
- Equipment premiums (reefer, specialized trailers)
- Lane balance and seasonality (peak demand can raise spot rates)

Effective FTL planning focuses on:
- Consolidating orders to “fill the truck” by weight or cube
- Building repeat lanes to secure contract rates and dedicated capacity
- Coordinating time windows to avoid detention
- Using real-time visibility for proactive ETA and exception management

For a deeper dive into [FTL planning and fleet utilisation](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/achieve-optimal-truck-fleet-management), see how route decisions connect to fleet KPIs and overall profitability.

## Conclusion
Full Truck Load (FTL) is the go-to road transport mode for large, time-sensitive, or high-value shipments that benefit from direct routes and exclusive capacity. By minimizing handling, improving control, and optimizing consistent lanes, FTL shipping delivers reliable transit times and cost efficiency when volumes justify a dedicated truck.

Learn what Full Truck Load (FTL) means in road freight: how it works, key benefits, common use cases, pricing factors, and planning tips. Understand when to choose FTL over LTL to optimize speed, security, and cost efficiency for high-volume or time-sensitive shipments.

Definition of Full Truck Load (FTL)

Performance environnementale

Desempeño ambiental

Environmental performance

Milieuprestatie

Environmental performance is the quantified impact of an organization or operation on the environment. It’s commonly tracked via CO2e emissions, air pollutants (NOx, PM), energy and fuel use, waste, and resource efficiency. In road transport, it shows how fleets affect climate and local air quality.

What is environmental performance?

- Convert fuel use into CO2e with recognized emission factors.
- Track absolute emissions (tCO2e) and intensity (gCO2e/km, gCO2e/ton-km, or per shipment).
- Include pollutants like NOx and PM.
- Define baselines, scopes (e.g., tank-to-wheel vs well-to-wheel), and boundaries (own fleet vs subcontractors).
- Use trusted data sources: telematics, fuel cards, TMS.

- Supports compliance with regulations and low-emission zones.
- Influences tenders and procurement, as shippers compare carriers on emissions intensity.
- Cuts fuel and maintenance costs.
- Improves ESG reporting, stakeholder trust, and local air quality.

- gCO2e/ton-km (long haul, FTL)
- gCO2e/shipment (parcel, groupage)
- Fuel efficiency (L/100 km or mpg)
- Idle time and empty miles
- NOx and PM emissions
- On-time delivery with optimized routing

Key road transport KPIs?

- Optimize routes and dynamically re-plan to avoid congestion.
- Increase load factor via consolidation and backhauls; reduce empty miles.
- Implement idle reduction, speed governance, and eco-driving.
- Upgrade fleets: aerodynamics, low-rolling-resistance tires, predictive maintenance.
- Deploy EVs for urban/short-haul and verified low-carbon fuels (e.g., HVO, bio-CNG/LNG).
- Integrate telematics with TMS for continuous monitoring and coaching.

How to improve it?

FAQ on Environmental Performance

## What is Environmental Performance?
Environmental performance is the measurable impact an organization has on the environment, captured through indicators such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollutants (NOx, PM), energy and fuel use, waste, and resource efficiency. In road transportation, environmental performance specifically reflects how trucks, vans, and fleets affect the climate and local air quality while moving goods from origin to destination.

## Detailed Explanation
At its core, environmental performance combines accurate measurement, targeted reduction actions, and transparent reporting. Measurement typically starts with fuel consumption and converts it into CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalents) using recognized emission factors. [See how Dashdoc calculates CO2](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms/product-CO2-calculation/).

For road transport, companies often track:
- Absolute emissions (tCO2e per month/quarter/year)
- Emissions intensity (gCO2e/km, gCO2e/ton‑km, or gCO2e per shipment)
- Pollutants like NOx and PM for air quality
- Operational drivers such as idle time, load factor, and empty miles

To interpret environmental performance, organizations set a baseline year, define boundaries (vehicle scope, subcontracted carriers, well‑to‑wheel vs. tank‑to‑wheel), and select consistent KPIs. This enables trend analysis, benchmarking across lanes or customers, and informed decision‑making about fleet investments and operational changes.

## Environmental Performance in Road Transportation
In logistics, environmental performance directly influences procurement, compliance, and customer expectations:
- Carriers and 3PLs are increasingly asked to provide shipment‑level CO2e and intensity metrics during tenders.
- Shippers compare carriers on emissions intensity alongside price and service.
- Cities and regions regulate access via low‑emission zones, pushing fleets toward cleaner technologies.
- Fleet standards (e.g., Euro VI) and company ESG targets drive replacement cycles and route planning.

Typical KPIs for road transport include:
- gCO2e/ton‑km for long‑haul and full truckload
- gCO2e/shipment for parcel and groupage
- Fuel use (L/100 km or mpg), idle time, and empty run percentage
- On‑time delivery with optimized routing to balance service and sustainability

## Examples
- A regional carrier cuts emissions intensity by 18% year over year by combining [eco‑driving programs](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/reducing-environmental-impact-fleet-management), tire pressure management, and aerodynamic retrofits on tractors and trailers.
- An urban distribution fleet switches 25% of last‑mile routes to battery‑electric trucks, reducing tank‑to‑wheel CO2e to zero inside a low‑emission zone and improving local air quality.
- A shipper consolidates partial loads and redesigns delivery windows, increasing average load factor from 62% to 75% and lowering gCO2e/ton‑km across its retail network.
- A 3PL integrates telematics with its TMS to flag high‑idle vehicles and reroute around congestion, cutting fuel use and NOx hotspots near distribution centers.

## Key Components and Improvement Levers
- Measurement and Data Quality
  - Standardized emission factors, clear scope boundaries, and shipment‑level allocation
  - Integration of telematics, fuel cards, and TMS for trusted, auditable data (including paperless flows like [eCMR](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/ecmr-definition-advantages))
- Fleet and Technology
  - Efficient powertrains, Euro VI/Stage VI compliance, hybridization
  - Electrification for urban and short‑haul, depot charging strategies
  - Low‑carbon fuels (HVO/renewable diesel, bio‑CNG/LNG) with verified factors
  - Aerodynamics, low‑rolling‑resistance tires, predictive maintenance
- Operations and Planning
  - [Route optimization and dynamic re‑planning](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms/product-planning-transport/) to avoid congestion
  - Load consolidation, backhauls, and collaborative transport to reduce empty miles
  - Idle reduction policies, speed governance, eco‑driving and driver coaching
- Network Design
  - Hub locations aligned to demand, micro‑hubs for last mile, time‑window redesign
- Reporting and Governance
  - Targets aligned to baselines, customer‑ready dashboards, and periodic reviews
  - Alignment with common frameworks for consistency and comparability

## Benefits
- Lower fuel and maintenance costs alongside emissions reductions
- Improved tender competitiveness and compliance with urban access rules
- Better community air quality and reduced noise in sensitive zones
- Stronger ESG reporting and stakeholder trust through transparent metrics

## Conclusion
Environmental performance in road transportation is the disciplined practice of measuring, improving, and reporting the environmental footprint of freight movements. By uniting accurate data, smart operations, and cleaner technologies, carriers, shippers, and 3PLs can cut emissions, control costs, and meet rising regulatory and customer expectations—without compromising service levels. To see how a modern platform brings these capabilities together, learn more about the [Dashdoc TMS](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms/).

Learn the definition of environmental performance, how to measure it (CO2e, NOx, PM), key KPIs for road transport, baselines and scopes, and proven levers to reduce emissions and costs.

Definition of Environmental Performance

Éco-conduite

Eco-driving

Eco-rijden

Eco-conducción

Eco-driving is a driving style and operational approach that cuts fuel consumption, emissions, and wear by favoring smooth acceleration/braking, steady speeds, low idling, and anticipatory decisions—supported by maintenance, routing, and coaching.

What is eco-driving?

Yes. Fleets commonly see 3–8% fuel savings (and lower CO₂e) from smoother driving, idle reduction, speed control, and better routing. Telematics and coaching help sustain and scale the gains.

Does eco-driving save fuel?

Begin with smooth throttle and early upshifts, maintain steady speeds, minimize idling, and check tire pressure/alignment. Optimize routes and track KPIs like L/100 km (or MPG), idle rate, harsh events, and CO₂e per shipment.

How to start eco-driving?

Yes. Anticipatory driving reduces harsh braking and speeding, lowering collision risk. Sensible speed policies and steadier control generally improve safety and driver comfort.

Is eco-driving safe?

Telematics dashboards, driver scorecards, predictive cruise control, route optimization software, tire-pressure monitoring, speed governors, start/stop systems, and structured training/coaching.

What tools support eco-driving?

FAQ on Eco-driving

## What is Eco-driving?
Eco-driving is a set of driving techniques and operational practices designed to reduce fuel consumption, cut emissions, and minimize vehicle wear—without compromising safety or delivery schedules. In road transportation, eco-driving combines smooth, anticipatory driving with smart planning, vehicle maintenance, and driver coaching to achieve measurable efficiency gains across fleets and owner-operators alike.

## How Eco-driving Works in Road Transportation
Eco-driving in trucking and delivery operations focuses on controlling energy losses and keeping vehicles in their most efficient operating range. Key principles include gentle acceleration and braking, maintaining steady speeds, minimizing idling, and anticipating traffic to avoid unnecessary stops. When combined with route optimization, load planning, and properly maintained vehicles (e.g., correct tire pressure and alignment), fleets can consistently lower liters per 100 km (or MPG) and reduce CO₂e per ton-kilometer. At the site level, effective [time slot management](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/time-slot-management) reduces yard queues and engine idling, directly complementing driver eco-driving.

Telematics and driver coaching amplify the impact. Onboard systems and apps provide real-time feedback on harsh events, engine idling, speed, and RPM. Fleet managers can track KPIs such as fuel economy, idle rate, cruise-control usage, and coasting time, then deliver targeted training. Over time, these incremental improvements compound—especially in high-mileage, multi-vehicle operations where even a 3–5% gain translates into significant savings.

## Key Benefits and Core Practices
- Lower fuel costs: Reduced throttle spikes, fewer stops, and better speed control directly cut fuel burn.
- Emissions reduction: Less fuel equals fewer greenhouse gases and air pollutants, supporting sustainability targets.
- Enhanced safety: Anticipatory driving reduces harsh braking and speeding, lowering collision risk.
- Reduced maintenance: Smoother driving extends brake, tire, and drivetrain life, cutting downtime.
- Driver comfort and satisfaction: Fewer stressful maneuvers and smoother rides improve driver well-being and retention.
- Compliance and reporting: Supports customer and regulatory requirements for emissions reporting and ESG metrics.

For further reading on fleet and site practices that reduce fuel use and emissions, see this practical guide to [reducing the environmental impact of fleet operations](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/reducing-environmental-impact-fleet-management).

Core eco-driving practices:
- Smooth acceleration and early upshifting to keep RPM in the efficient band
- Maintaining steady speeds and using cruise control where appropriate
- Anticipatory driving: reading traffic, signals, and gradients to avoid stop–go cycles
- Idling reduction: shutting down engines during longer stops and using start/stop features
- Optimal routing and time-of-day planning to avoid congestion
- Tire pressure, alignment, and load balance checks to reduce rolling resistance
- Limiting top speed via speed governors to stay in the sweet spot for fuel efficiency
- Smart use of auxiliary systems (A/C, PTOs) and eliminating unnecessary weight

## Real-World Examples
- Regional LTL fleet: By capping highway speeds at 90–95 km/h, training drivers on gentle throttle application, and tightening tire maintenance schedules, a regional carrier achieves a 7% fuel reduction and 12% longer brake life.
- Urban parcel delivery: Through route sequencing that minimizes left turns and peak-hour exposure, plus aggressive idle management, a city delivery fleet cuts fuel by 6% and decreases delivery window variability.
- Long-haul operation: Equipping tractors with predictive cruise control and coaching on hill approach and cresting techniques yields a 5–8% improvement on rolling terrain routes.

## Implementation Tips for Fleets
1. Baseline your KPIs: Track fuel per 100 km, idle percentage, harsh events per 100 km, average speed, and CO₂e per shipment.
2. Create a driver scorecard: Use fair, transparent metrics and reward consistent improvement.
3. Standardize training: Blend classroom modules with on-road coaching and simulator sessions.
4. Optimize routes and loads: Use routing tools to avoid congestion and balance loads for stability and efficiency. A modern [TMS with features for fuel and CO2 reduction](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms) can centralize route optimization, CO₂ calculation, monitoring, and driver coaching.
5. Maintain vehicles proactively: Prioritize tires, alignment, filters, and aerodynamic checks; fix fuel-wasting defects quickly.
6. Set sensible speed policies: Calibrate speed governors and encourage steady, compliant driving.
7. Review and iterate: Run monthly reviews, share best-performing techniques, and update targets by lane and vehicle type.

When building the business case for eco-driving programs, explore [fuel-savings and ROI examples](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tools-box/dashdoc-roi-calculator) to quantify benefits and support stakeholder buy-in.

## Conclusion
Eco-driving delivers a practical, repeatable pathway to lower fuel costs, reduced emissions, and safer operations in road transportation. By combining smoother driving behaviors with smart planning, telematics, and disciplined maintenance, fleets can achieve durable efficiency gains that benefit drivers, customers, and the bottom line.

Learn what eco-driving is and how it reduces fuel use, emissions, and maintenance in road transport. Explore core techniques, telematics, KPIs, examples, and rollout tips.

Definition of Eco-driving

CO₂‑emissies

CO2 emissions

Émissions de CO₂

Emisiones de CO2

CO2 emissions are carbon dioxide released by activities like fuel combustion in vehicles. In road transport, they reflect energy use and are typically reported as g/km, kg/vehicle, or g CO2/tonne‑km to compare routes, fleets, or shipments.

What are CO2 emissions?

Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) counts only emissions from fuel burned in the vehicle. Well-to-Wheel (WTW) adds upstream emissions from fuel production, distribution, or electricity generation. State which boundary you use and apply consistent, credible emission factors.

How to calculate TTW vs WTW?

Key drivers include:

- Fuel type and emission factors (diesel, HVO, CNG, electricity mix)
- Vehicle efficiency (aerodynamics, tires, engine tech)
- Payload and load factor
- Driving behavior (speed, idling, eco‑driving)
- Routing and congestion
- Refrigeration use and setpoints in reefers

What affects truck CO2 emissions?

Scope 1 covers direct CO2 from owned or controlled vehicles (carriers, private fleets). Scope 3 covers purchased transport services (shippers outsourcing to carriers) and is often reported as CO2e to include non‑CO2 greenhouse gases.

Scope 1 vs Scope 3?

Combine quick wins and strategy:

- Optimize routes, consolidate loads, cut empty miles
- Manage speed, train drivers, limit idling, maintain tires/engines
- Tune refrigeration (night deliveries, setpoints)
- Adopt low‑carbon fuels (e.g., HVO), electrify suitable urban routes
- Renew fleets and report consistently (e.g., ISO 14083) to track progress

How to reduce fleet emissions?

FAQ on CO2 emissions

## What are CO₂ emissions?
CO₂ emissions are the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, primarily from burning fossil fuels. In road transportation, CO₂ emissions come from the combustion of diesel, gasoline, natural gas, or the upstream generation of electricity used by vehicles. Because CO₂ is the dominant greenhouse gas from vehicles, it is a key metric for measuring a fleet’s climate impact and is often expressed as kilograms or grams of CO₂ per kilometer, per vehicle, or per tonne-kilometre. Practical levers—fleet management, limiting idling, and smarter routing—are central to green logistics; explore [green logistics strategies to reduce CO₂ emissions](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/reducing-environmental-impact-fleet-management) for further reading.

## How CO₂ emissions work in road transportation
In road freight and last‑mile delivery, CO₂ emissions depend on fuel type, vehicle efficiency, payload, driving behavior, and routing. The two main calculation boundaries are:
- **Tank-to-Wheel (TTW)**: Emissions from fuel burned in the vehicle.
- **Well-to-Wheel (WTW)**: TTW plus upstream emissions from fuel production, distribution, or electricity generation.

Shippers and carriers also align with greenhouse gas accounting scopes:
- **Scope 1**: Direct CO₂ emissions from owned or controlled vehicles (carriers, private fleets).
- **Scope 3**: Purchased transport services (shippers outsourcing to carriers), often reported using CO₂e (CO₂-equivalent) to include other gases.

For heavy-duty trucks, factors like aerodynamic design, tire rolling resistance, engine technology, and speed have a strong effect on CO₂ emissions. Operational choices—such as reducing empty miles, improving load factor, avoiding congestion, limiting idling, and optimizing temperature control in reefers—also significantly change the carbon profile of a trip. Reducing waiting times and engine‑on queues at warehouses through [dock appointment scheduling](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/introduction-dock-scheduling-appointment) can further reduce truck idle emissions.

## Industry context
Customers, regulators, and financiers increasingly require transparent reporting on CO₂ emissions in logistics. Industry standards such as ISO 14083 provide harmonized methods for calculating and allocating transport emissions across modes and shipments. Many shippers request CO₂ emissions per shipment in RFQs and performance reviews, and carriers use these metrics to differentiate services, comply with corporate sustainability goals, and respond to carbon-based tolling or city access rules. Accurate, comparable reporting supports route planning, modal choices (e.g., road-rail combinations), and investment decisions in low‑carbon technologies like electric trucks, biofuels (e.g., HVO), or compressed natural gas where appropriate.

## Key components and benefits
- **Activity data**: High-quality inputs (actual fuel consumption, distance, GPS traces, payload, temperature-control usage) drive accurate CO₂ emissions results.
- **Calculation approach**: Choose TTW or WTW consistently; declare the scope and any CO₂e gases included.
- **Emission factors**: Use current, credible factors for fuels and electricity mixes; update when routes or grids change.
- **Allocation method**: Distribute a vehicle’s CO₂ emissions to shipments via tonne‑kilometres, volume, pallets, or time; document the logic for LTL.
- **Data quality tiers**: Disclose whether calculations use measured fuel, telematics, or default averages; higher tiers increase credibility.
- **Operational levers**: Route optimization, load consolidation, backhaul planning, speed management, eco‑driving, preventative maintenance, and smart refrigeration can cut CO₂ emissions quickly. At the site level, improving dock processes to [reduce drivers’ idle time](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/logistics-dock-manager) also pays off.
- **Strategic levers**: Fleet renewal, alternative fuels, electrification for urban delivery, and driver training deliver deeper, sustained reductions.
- **Benefits**: Cost savings from fuel efficiency, compliance with reporting demands, improved win rates in tenders, risk management against regulation, and progress toward corporate climate targets.

Operational platforms such as [Time Slot Management](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/time-slot-management) provide appointment scheduling that reduces idling and congestion at docks.

## Real-world examples
- **FTL long-haul carrier**: A carrier uses measured diesel consumption and ISO 14083 methods to calculate CO₂ emissions per lane. By trimming average speed, optimizing tire pressure, and raising average payload by 8% through better planning, the carrier reduces TTW CO₂ emissions intensity (g CO₂/tonne‑km) by double digits while improving margins.
- **LTL refrigerated network**: An LTL operator allocates vehicle‑level CO₂ emissions to shipments based on weight‑distance, with an uplift for refrigerated stops. Nighttime deliveries, reduced door openings, and setpoint optimization lower reefer run time, cutting WTW CO₂ emissions without sacrificing product integrity.
- **Urban last‑mile fleet**: A retailer replaces a share of diesel vans with electric vans on dense city routes, charging with a contracted low‑carbon electricity mix. Combined with dynamic routing to reduce empty detours, CO₂ emissions per stop drop significantly, and air quality improves in restricted zones.

## Conclusion
CO₂ emissions are the core measure of climate impact in road transportation, and consistent, credible calculation is the foundation for reduction. By combining accurate data, standardized methods, and targeted operational and strategic actions, shippers and carriers can lower CO₂ emissions, meet stakeholder expectations, and unlock efficiency gains across the road logistics network.

Learn what CO₂ emissions are in road transport, how to calculate TTW vs WTW, how scopes (1 and 3) apply, which factors drive emissions, and practical levers to cut CO₂ using standards like ISO 14083.

Definition of CO₂ emissions

Expéditeur (chargeur)

Verlader

Shipper

Remitente

They arrange transportation, prepare and label goods, issue shipping documents (e.g., BOL/CMR/eCMR), set pickup appointments, and ensure compliance so freight is ready for the carrier.

What does a shipper do?

Yes. In most contexts, "shipper" = "consignor" or "sender"—the party tendering goods to a carrier. In international trade, the exporter may also be the shipper, but not always.

Is shipper same as consignor?

The shipper sends the goods; the carrier transports them. The shipper prepares and tenders the load; the carrier provides the vehicle, driver, and transit.

Shipper vs carrier difference?

Typically the shipper prepares the bill of lading (BOL) or CMR/eCMR, and the carrier signs/acknowledges at pickup. Freight forwarders may issue a house bill when acting as intermediaries.

Who issues bill of lading?

It depends on the agreed Incoterm. For FCA/CPT/CIP, risk passes when goods are handed to the first carrier; for DAP/DDP, at delivery to the named place.

When is risk transferred?

FAQ on Shipper

## What is a Shipper?
A shipper is the party that initiates the movement of goods by arranging transportation, preparing the shipment, and tendering it to a carrier. Also called the consignor or sender, the shipper can be a manufacturer, retailer, distributor, or a third party acting on behalf of the owner of the goods. In road transportation, the shipper is responsible for providing accurate shipment details, proper packaging and labeling, and the documentation required for pickup and delivery in line with their [legal obligations with the carrier](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/shipper-definition).

Beyond this core definition, a shipper’s role spans planning, compliance, and coordination. The shipper decides service levels (e.g., full truckload, less-than-truckload), sets pickup windows, communicates special handling needs, and ensures the shipment is legally and physically ready to travel. Depending on contract terms and Incoterms in cross‑border trade, the shipper may also bear specific liabilities and costs until the goods are handed over to the carrier or reach an agreed location.

## Role of the Shipper in Road Transportation
In road logistics, the shipper is a central node connecting sales orders, warehouse operations, and carrier execution. The shipper’s effectiveness directly impacts on-time performance, transportation cost, driver wait times, and damage or claim rates.

Key responsibilities typically include:
1. Load planning and tendering: Selecting carriers, setting rates or spot bids, and dispatching load offers via email, portal, EDI, or API from a TMS.
2. Packaging and load readiness: Ensuring goods are packaged, palletized, and labeled to standards, with securement instructions for safe transit.
3. Documentation: Issuing the bill of lading (domestic) or CMR consignment note (international road); increasingly, using the [electronic consignment note (eCMR)](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/ecmr-definition-advantages) for digital, real-time documentation.
4. Appointments and dock operations: Scheduling pickup times, preparing docks, and minimizing driver detention through efficient loading and better [dock operations and slot management](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/logistics-platform).
5. Compliance: Providing accurate weights and dimensions, SDS and ADR details for dangerous goods, and customs/commercial documents for cross-border moves.
6. Data accuracy and visibility: Sharing correct addresses, contact details, accessorial needs (tail-lift, appointment-required), and enabling tracking events and proof of delivery (POD).
7. Claims and performance management: Initiating claims for loss/damage when applicable and maintaining shipper–carrier scorecards to improve service, with practices that help [reduce disputes in road transport](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/reduce-disputes-in-road-transport).

## Real-World Examples
- Manufacturer to DC (FTL): A beverage producer acts as the shipper for a full truckload of palletized drinks bound for a regional distribution center. They issue a CMR for a cross-border run, book a pickup slot, and provide load securement guidelines to prevent toppling.
- E-commerce returns (LTL/parcel): A retailer ships consolidated returns from a city hub to a refurbishment site. As the shipper, they verify weights, apply GS1 labels, and request a liftgate service for a dockless pickup.
- Temperature-controlled shipment: A shipper of pharmaceuticals tenders a reefer load with strict temperature setpoints, includes data logger instructions, and requires real-time tracking and POD upon delivery.

## Key Benefits of Strong Shipper Practices
- Higher on-time pickup and delivery through precise appointments and load readiness
- Lower damage and claim rates due to proper packaging and securement instructions
- Reduced costs by avoiding reweighs, reclassifications, and unnecessary accessorials
- Better carrier relationships and capacity access by becoming a “shipper of choice”
- Faster border crossings with accurate CMR/eCMR and customs paperwork
- Improved visibility and customer service via consistent status updates and PODs

## Conclusion
The shipper is the orchestrator of the road shipment, converting inventory into a compliant, documented, and ready-to-move load. By mastering load tendering, documentation (BOL/CMR/eCMR), dock efficiency, and regulatory compliance, the shipper reduces friction across the transport chain, safeguards cargo, and enables carriers to deliver on time. In short, disciplined shipper practices translate directly into more reliable, cost-effective road transportation.

Learn what a shipper is in road logistics, core responsibilities (tendering, packaging, BOL/CMR/eCMR, appointments, compliance), real examples, and best practices to cut costs and improve on‑time delivery.

Definition of Shipper

Transporte de mercancías por carretera

Road freight transport

Transport routier de marchandises

Weggoederenvervoer

Road freight transport is the movement of goods by trucks and vans on public roads, offering door-to-door delivery for FTL, LTL, express, and specialized cargo within and across countries.

What is road freight transport?

- **FTL (Full Truckload):** One shipper fills the trailer; direct route; fewer touches; faster transit.
- **LTL (Less-Than-Truckload):** Multiple shippers share space; hub-and-spoke consolidation; more handling; typically lower cost per pallet but longer transit.

Rates typically consider:
- **Distance and lane balance**
- **Weight/volume and density**
- **Service level** (standard, express, temperature-controlled)
- **Fuel surcharges and tolls**
- **Accessorials** (liftgate, inside delivery, detention, waiting time)

How are rates calculated?

Common documents include:
- **Bill of lading** (or **CMR waybill** in Europe)
- **Proof of delivery (POD)**
- **Permits** for oversized or restricted loads; **ADR** compliance for dangerous goods
- **Customs documents** for cross-border moves

What documents are required?

Carriers use **telematics**, **GPS**, and **ELD/tachograph** data integrated with a **TMS** for real-time location and status. **Digital POD**, **geofencing**, and automated alerts enhance visibility.

How is cargo tracked?

FAQ on Road Freight Transport

## What is Road Freight Transport?
Road freight transport is the movement of goods by trucks and vans over public roads, providing door-to-door delivery within a country or across borders. It covers full truckload (FTL), less-than-truckload (LTL) or groupage, express deliveries, and specialised services such as refrigerated, hazardous, and oversized cargo. As the most flexible mode of surface logistics, road freight transport connects suppliers, warehouses, terminals, and final customers with rapid response times and broad geographic reach.

Beyond simple point-to-point moves, road freight transport relies on a network of carriers, freight forwarders, and logistics platforms that plan loads, optimise routes, consolidate shipments, and manage documentation. Pricing typically reflects distance, payload, volume, service level, and fuel surcharges, while service quality depends on scheduling, capacity, compliance, and real-time visibility.

## How Road Freight Transport Works in Transportation
A typical journey starts with a [shipper’s](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/shipper-definition) order and load details (weight, dimensions, handling needs, time windows). A carrier or 3PL selects suitable equipment—such as curtain-sider/tautliner, dry van, flatbed, tanker, or reefer—and plans the route based on delivery deadlines, road restrictions, and driver hours-of-service. LTL freight may be consolidated in hubs, enabling economies of scale, while FTL moves go direct.

Key operational steps include:
- Load planning and consolidation to reduce empty miles  
- Route optimisation considering traffic, tolls, and emissions zones  
- Documentation (e.g., CMR waybill in Europe or bill of lading), proof of delivery, and [claims handling](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/reduce-disputes-in-road-transport)  
- Compliance with weight and size limits, ADR for dangerous goods, and cabotage rules  
- Real-time tracking via telematics, GPS, and ELD/tachograph data  

Technology such as transportation management systems (TMS), [dock appointment scheduling](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/introduction-dock-scheduling-appointment), and digital POD improves transparency, reduces waiting times, and supports cost control.

## Industry Context and Applications
Road freight transport underpins first-mile collection from factories and farms and last-mile delivery to stores, construction sites, and consumers, where [dock managers](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/logistics-dock-manager) coordinate loading and unloading. It complements rail, sea, and air in multimodal and intermodal chains, bridging the “middle mile” between ports, terminals, and regional distribution centres. Sectors that depend heavily on road freight transport include:
- Retail and e-commerce (time-windowed deliveries, returns)  
- Automotive (just-in-time and just-in-sequence flows)  
- FMCG and pharmaceuticals (temperature-controlled compliance)  
- Construction and industrial projects (oversized and heavy loads)  
- Agriculture and perishables (seasonal peaks, reefer monitoring)  

Sustainability pressures are reshaping road freight transport through alternative fuels (HVO, LNG), electrification on short-haul routes, aerodynamic equipment, driver eco-training, and data-driven route planning to cut empty runs and emissions.

## Real-World Examples
1. **LTL Consolidation:** A regional carrier collects multiple palletised orders from SMEs, consolidates them at a cross-dock, and delivers to a national retailer’s DC, meeting strict delivery slots while minimising [waiting times](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/blog/detention-time-trucking-industry).  
2. **Temperature-Controlled Delivery:** A reefer truck transports vaccines with continuous temperature logging, alerting dispatch if thresholds are approached.  
3. **Project Cargo:** An oversized crane component travels on a low-loader with permits and escort vehicles, scheduled overnight to avoid congestion and comply with road restrictions.  
4. **Just-in-Time Shuttle:** A fleet of trucks cycles between a Tier-1 supplier and an assembly plant every hour, using geofencing and EDI updates to maintain line continuity.  

## Key Benefits and Components
- **Flexibility and coverage:** Door-to-door service to urban, suburban, and rural locations  
- **Speed on short to medium distances:** Faster than rail or sea for regional moves  
- **Lower handling risk:** Fewer transhipments reduce damage and loss  
- **High visibility:** Telematics and POD provide real-time status and proof of delivery  
- **Scalable services:** FTL, LTL, express, and specialised equipment for diverse cargo  

Core components of road freight transport include the vehicle fleet and drivers, depots and cross-docks, TMS and telematics, standardised load units (pallets, crates), and compliance frameworks (CMR, ADR, weight/size limits, hours-of-service).

## Conclusion
Road freight transport is the backbone of modern supply chains, combining flexibility, speed, and reach to move goods reliably from origin to destination. Effective operations depend on load planning, regulatory compliance, and technology-enabled visibility—ensuring capacity, service quality, and sustainability in a dynamic logistics landscape.


Definition of road freight transport with FTL/LTL, routing, documents, compliance, and tracking. Learn pricing factors, examples, benefits, and key industry applications.

Definition of Road Freight Transport

Consumo de combustible

Consommation de carburant

Fuel consumption

Brandstofverbruik

Fuel consumption is the fuel a vehicle uses per distance or time. Common units are **L/100 km**, **MPG**, and **km/L**. Lower consumption generally means lower costs and emissions.

What is fuel consumption?

It’s measured using fueling records, onboard fuel‑flow sensors, and ECU/telematics data combined with distance traveled. Units include L/100 km, MPG, or km/L.

How is fuel consumption measured?

Key drivers include vehicle mass, speed, aerodynamics, tire pressure, terrain, traffic, idling, driving style, weather, and maintenance condition.

What affects fuel consumption?

Use eco‑driving, maintain correct tire pressure and alignment, reduce idling, optimize speed and cruise control, improve aerodynamics, plan efficient routes, and right‑size vehicles.

How to reduce fuel consumption?

They’re inverses. Fuel economy is distance per unit fuel (e.g., MPG—higher is better). Fuel consumption is fuel per distance (e.g., L/100 km—lower is better).

Fuel economy vs fuel consumption?

FAQ on Fuel Consumption


## What is Fuel Consumption?
Fuel consumption is the amount of fuel a vehicle uses to travel a specific distance or operate over a period of time. In road transportation, it’s typically expressed as liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km), miles per gallon (MPG), or kilometers per liter (km/L). As a core measure of fuel efficiency and operating cost, fuel consumption influences route planning, pricing, environmental impact, and overall fleet performance.

## How Fuel Consumption Works in Road Transportation
Fuel consumption reflects how much energy a vehicle needs to overcome rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, acceleration, idling, and terrain. Heavier vehicles, higher speeds, frequent stop‑and‑go, and poor maintenance increase usage. Conversely, smooth driving, optimal loads, well-maintained engines and tires, and streamlined routes reduce fuel burn.

In freight operations, fuel consumption can also be normalized by payload or work performed. Metrics like liters per ton‑kilometer (L/ton‑km) or fuel per delivered stop reveal how efficiently energy is used to move goods, not just vehicles. Telematics systems measure real‑world variables—idling time, harsh braking, cruise control use, average speed, and engine load—to pinpoint where fuel is wasted and where coaching or maintenance can help.

## Key Benefits/Components
- **Cost control and margin protection**: Fuel is among the largest operating expenses in trucking. Lower fuel consumption directly improves cost per kilometer and job profitability.
- **Pricing and quoting**: Accurate historical fuel consumption by lane, vehicle type, and load factor supports reliable quotes and fuel surcharges.
- **Sustainability and compliance**: Fuel consumption correlates with CO2 emissions. Tracking it enables emissions reporting and progress on reduction targets.
- **Maintenance insights**: Abnormal fuel use can indicate underinflated tires, misalignment, clogged filters, or engine inefficiencies.
- **Fraud prevention and accountability**: Comparing telematics data with fuel card transactions detects anomalies and leakage.
- **Operational planning**: Understanding consumption by route profile (urban vs. highway, flat vs. hilly) guides dispatch decisions and equipment selection.

Core metrics and components:
- L/100 km, MPG, km/L: Primary fuel economy indicators.
- Fuel per ton‑km or per pallet: Freight efficiency measures.
- Idling percentage and fuel burned while idling.
- Average speed bands and time in optimal RPM ranges.
- Route profile factors—grade, traffic density, stop frequency, and weather.

## Real-World Examples
- **Urban delivery vs. highway haul**: A 26‑ton rigid truck running dense city routes may show higher fuel consumption due to idling, starts/stops, and lower average speeds. A tractor‑trailer on a steady motorway can achieve lower L/100 km thanks to consistent speeds and cruise control.
- **Driver impact**: Telematics reveals one driver idles 20% of engine time and accelerates aggressively. Encouraging drivers to using anticipatory driving and using cruise control, fuel consumption drops by 8–12% on similar routes.
- **Maintenance win**: A fleet notices a gradual rise in L/100 km on a specific vehicle. Inspection finds low tire pressure and a misaligned axle; correcting both restores expected fuel economy and reduces tire wear.
- **Load planning**: By consolidating partial loads into fuller trailers and balancing weight, a carrier improves fuel per ton‑km even if absolute L/100 km changes only modestly.

## How Fuel Consumption Is Measured and Improved
Organizations measure fuel consumption using fuel card data, onboard fuel flow sensors, and engine control unit (ECU) telematics. Best results come from combining precise fueling records with GPS‑based distance, payload data, and route attributes.

Practical ways to reduce fuel consumption:
- Optimize speed and cruise control usage on suitable roads.
- Reduce idling with shutdown policies and auxiliary power units where appropriate.
- Maintain correct tire pressure, wheel alignment, and timely engine servicing.
- Improve aerodynamics with side skirts, roof fairings, and gap reducers.
- Plan efficient routes that avoid congestion, steep grades, and unnecessary detours.
- Match vehicle to task—right sizing engines and bodies to the duty cycle.
- Train drivers in eco‑driving techniques and provide feedback loops via telematics.

## Conclusion
Fuel consumption is a foundational metric for road transport performance, connecting operating cost, service quality, and environmental impact. By measuring it accurately, analyzing it by route and payload, and acting on driver behavior and maintenance insights, fleets can cut fuel use, improve margins, and reduce emissions without compromising delivery reliability.

Learn what fuel consumption is, how it’s measured (L/100 km, MPG), key drivers, real-world examples, and practical ways to reduce costs and CO2 emissions.

Definition of Fuel Consumption

Green logistics

Groene logistiek

Logística verde

Logistique verte

Green logistics is the application of data-driven planning, cleaner energy, and efficient operations to lower environmental impacts from freight while maintaining service and cost performance.

What is green logistics?

FAQ on Green Logistics

## What is Green Logistics?
Green logistics is the practice of planning, executing, and optimizing logistics activities to reduce environmental impact while maintaining service quality and cost efficiency. In road transportation, it focuses on lowering greenhouse gas emissions, cutting air pollutants and noise, conserving energy and materials, and minimizing waste across the freight lifecycle—from route planning and vehicle choice to loading, driving, and reverse logistics.

## How Green Logistics Works in Road Transportation
In road freight, green logistics blends operational excellence with sustainability. It begins with measurement: carriers and shippers track fuel use, load factor, empty miles, and CO₂e per ton-kilometer to establish a baseline, often using [CO₂ calculation tools](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms/product-CO2-calculation) to quantify emissions per trip and standardize reporting. Using that data, teams redesign routes, consolidate loads, and improve scheduling to move more with fewer trips. Telematics, transport management systems (TMS), and dynamic route optimization reduce detours, idling, and congestion exposure.

Vehicle and energy choices play a major role. Fleets adopt low- or zero-emission options such as battery-electric trucks for urban deliveries, biofuels like HVO or biodiesel for regional hauls, and renewable CNG/LNG where infrastructure exists. Standard operating procedures—eco-driving, tire pressure maintenance, aerodynamic add-ons, and idle-reduction policies—bring immediate savings. These practices can be reinforced with a [mobile app for drivers](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms/mobile-application-drivers) that delivers real-time eco‑driving guidance, digital paperwork, and feedback loops that cut fuel use. Packaging and reverse logistics are also addressed by using reusable pallets and crates, right-sizing parcels, and backhauling returns or recyclables to avoid empty runs.

## Industry Context for Road Transportation
Road freight is often the largest contributor to transport emissions for shippers, and it is directly affected by evolving regulations and customer expectations. Low- and zero-emission zones in cities, stricter CO₂ standards for heavy-duty vehicles, and corporate ESG reporting push fleets and logistics teams to adopt greener practices. Advanced [AI-powered planning and dynamic rerouting](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms/product-artificial-intelligence) help reduce idle time and unnecessary kilometers while honoring service windows. Green logistics aligns with cost control too: fuel is a major expense, so reducing consumption through better planning and driving typically delivers both environmental and financial gains. Retailers, manufacturers, and 3PLs increasingly demand emissions transparency from carriers, making standardized reporting and verified methods (e.g., gCO₂e/t·km) part of day-to-day operations.

## Key Benefits and Components
- Measurement and reporting: Track fuel, energy mix, load factor, empty miles, and emissions intensity to guide decisions and demonstrate progress.
- Energy and vehicle strategy: Deploy electric trucks for last mile, biofuels for regional routes, and plan charging or fueling infrastructure.
- Network and route optimization: Consolidate shipments, balance lanes, cut empty backhauls, and avoid peak traffic where possible, using [transport planning and dispatch](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms/product-planning-transport) capabilities to reduce kilometers and fuel.
- Efficient operations: Eco-driving training, speed governance, predictive maintenance, low-rolling-resistance tires, and aerodynamic kits.
- Sustainable materials management: Reusable packaging, pallet pooling, right-sized cartons, and coordinated reverse logistics.
- Collaboration and procurement: Green tendering criteria, shipper–carrier data sharing, and aligned service levels to reduce urgent, inefficient moves; leverage [chartering capacity](https://www.dashdoc.com/en/tms/product-chartering) to improve load factors and avoid under‑utilized trips.
- Compliance and risk management: Prepare for emissions zones, carbon pricing, and customer audits while improving reputational resilience.

## Real-World Examples
- Urban deliveries: A parcel carrier shifts city-center routes to electric vans and cargo bikes, schedules deliveries during off-peak windows, and uses microhubs for consolidation. Result: lower CO₂e per stop, less noise, and higher on-time performance in congested areas.
- Regional distribution: A food wholesaler switches to HVO for compatible diesel trucks, optimizes multi-drop routes with time-window constraints, and raises average load factor from 65% to 80%. Result: double-digit fuel and emissions reduction with no service loss.
- Backhaul and reverse flows: A building materials carrier pairs outbound palletized loads with return collections of packaging and recyclables, eliminating empty miles on 40% of lanes. Result: fewer trips, less waste, and lower disposal costs.
- Driver excellence: A fleet introduces telematics-based coaching, tire pressure monitoring, and idle cut-off. Result: 5–8% fuel savings within three months and fewer maintenance incidents.

## Conclusion
Green logistics in road transportation is a practical, data-driven approach to decarbonize freight while improving reliability and costs. Start by measuring what matters, then combine smarter planning, cleaner energy, and disciplined operations. With continuous improvement and collaboration across shippers, carriers, and partners, green logistics turns sustainability goals into everyday performance.

Learn what green logistics means in road transportation, how it works, key components (measurement, energy and vehicle strategy, route optimization, efficient operations, packaging, reverse logistics, collaboration, compliance), real-world examples, and practical steps to start reducing freight emissions while improving reliability and cost.

Dashdoc Logistics Glossary

C

CMR Waybill

CO2 emissions

Compliance audit

CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)

E

Eco-driving

Energy efficiency

Environmental performance

F

Fuel consumption

Full Truck Load (FTL)

G

Green logistics

R

Renewable energy use

Road freight transport

S

Shipper

T

Transportation Management Software (TMS)

W

Waste Management

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